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Disinfection
Alternatives for Safe Drinking Water
by
Edward A. Bryant, George P. Fulton, and George C. Budd
1992,
hardcover, 6 x 9 in., 518 pages, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 0-47129068-8
Overview
of contents
For
various disinfection methods, the book covers, as applicable, the
chemistry of the disinfectant, how it disinfects, its byproducts, potential
health risks associated with it, and its nondisinfection uses (e.g., removal
of iron, color, odor). The focus is on water treatment plants; distribution
systems in buildings are covered in lesser detail. The book contains more
scientific background than a nonspecialist would want, but may still be
handy for a building operator or hospital infection control practitioner
who wants to review information on a disinfection method proposed by an
engineering firm—to be aware, for example, of any potential health risks
associated with the method.
The authors take you through
detailed descriptions of each of the common and uncommon disinfection or
disinfection-related techniques: chlorine, chloramination, chlorine dioxide,
ozonation, ultraviolet radiation systems, membrane filtration, air stripping,
and activated carbon absorption.
Comprehensive and enhanced
with helpful tables, this book explores:
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concerns about the formation
of disinfection by-products of health concern during the disinfection process
-
the use of ozone as an alternative
disinfectant
-
the use of activated carbon
to remove by-products and their precursors
-
the use of ultraviolet processes,
and membrane processes as a new technology
-
renewed interest in chloramination
for secondary disinfection
-
the maximum practical use of
chlorine dioxide within prescribed limitations
Fully discussed are improving
the design and operation of existing filtration plants, as well as new
design concepts. The authors detail how to arrive at effective, low-cost
water treatment plant designs that satisfy regulations and meet varying
conditions of treatment needs. Emphasis is placed on flexibility of design
and options for the future, so that plants can be updated further as regulations
change. The book also features Summary Tables which can be used to quickly
initiate a design study once the disinfection process is grasped.
Table
of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
Trends in Disinfection Practice
Disinfection and Byproduct
Formation
New Regulatory Approach
Other Benefits of Disinfecting
Agents
Biological Stability
Disinfection Byproduct Strategies
Disinfection Facility Design
and Improvement Programs
References
2. Disinfection
Role of Disinfection
Chemical Properties of Disinfectants
Mechanisms of Disinfection
Disinfection Kinetics
Effect of Particulate Removal
Processes
Primary Disinfection
Secondary Disinfection
Future Trends in Disinfection
References
3. Identifying and Characterizing
Effects of Disinfection Byproducts
Evolution of the Disinfection
Byproduct Issue
General Chemical Reaction
Characteristics of Chemicals
Precursors and Formation
of Disinfection Byproducts
Types of Health Effects
Methods for Evaluating Health
Effects
Byproducts
Analyses for Byproducts
Surrogate Measurements of
Disinfection Byproduct Characteristics
Observed Health-Related
Characteristics of Specific Disinfection Byproducts
Future Considerations for
Disinfection Byproducts
References
4. Free Chlorine
History of Chlorine Use
Chemical Forms of Free Chlorine
Commercial Forms of Chlorine
Chemistry of Chlorine
Free Chlorine Disinfection
and Byproduct Formation
Nondisinfection Uses of
Chlorine
Gaseous Chlorine Systems
Hypochlorite Systems
Chlorine Dispersion and
Contacting
Chlorine Monitoring and
Control
Chlorine Leak Control
Typical Plant Requirements
References
5. Chloramination
History of Chloramination
Chloramine Reactivity
Commercial Chemicals to
Form Chloramines
Chemistry of Chloramination
Chloramine Disinfection
Chloramine Byproduct Formation
Nondisinfection Uses of
Chloramines
Basic Chloramine Formation
Conditions
Ammonia Handling and Feeding
References
6. Chlorine Dioxide
History of the Use of Chlorine
Dioxide
Commercial Chemicals Used
to Form Chlorine Dioxide
Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide
Disinfection Byproduct Formation
Disinfection
Nondisinfection Uses of
Chlorine Dioxide
Alternative Methods for
Applying Chlorine Dioxide
Generation of Chlorine Dioxide
Equipment and Piping
Typical Plant Requirements
References
7. Ozonation
Chemistry of Ozone
Disinfection with Ozone
Byproducts of Ozonation
Nondisinfection Uses of
Ozonation
Alternative Ozone Application
Points
Ozone System Design Considerations
Typical Plant Requirements
References
8. Potassium Permanganate
Introduction
Properties of Potassium
Permanganate
Nondisinfection Uses of
Potassium Permanganate in Drinking Water Treatment
Bacterial Disinfection Capability
Viral Disinfection
Treatment of Fish Pond Water
Typical Waterworks Experiences
Typical Plant Arrangements
References
9. Specialized Treatment
Methods
Introduction
Disinfection by Ultraviolet
Radiation
Membrane Processes
Air Stripping
References
10. Activated Carbon
Treatment Mechanisms of Activated
Carbon
Manufacture
Activated Carbon Selection
Criteria
Breakthrough Curve Relationships
for GAC
GAC for Control of Disinfection
Byproducts
Design Considerations
Regeneration/Reactivation
GAC Facilities Planning
Role of Activated Carbon
for Control of Disinfection
Byproducts
References
11. Relationship
between Disinfection and Baseline Water Treatment Processes
Introduction
Particulate Removal Processes
Chemical Coagulation
Coagulation Phenomena in
Lime Softening
Powdered Activated Carbon
as Supplement to Coagulation for Removing Organic Constituents
Effect of Coagulation Modifications
for Organic Removal on Water Treatment Residuals
Evaluation of Coagulation
Rapid Rate Filtration Mechanisms
Pathogen-Control Considerations
Slow Sand Filtration
Precoat Filtration
Miscellaneous Particulate
Removal Processes
Modification of Baseline
Treatment Systems for Biodegradation
Comparison of Baseline Water
Treatment Processes
References
12. Improving Performance
of Existing Baseline Facilities
Significant SWTR Features
Rapid Rate Filtration
Cold Lime Softening
Slow Sand Filtration
Precoat Filtration
General Approach for Upgrading
Performance of Baseline Processes
References
13. Evaluating and Planning
Disinfection Systems
General Evaluation and Planning
Concepts
Basic Alternatives
Components of a Disinfection
Evaluation Program
Initial Testing
Supplemental Testing and
Evaluation
Long-Term Planning for Disinfection
References
Index
About
the authors
Edward A. Bryant, P.E., is
a Consultant to Hazen and Sawyer Engineers, P.C. He has been involved in
the process design of over 20 water treatment plants with a total capacity
of nearly 1 billion gallons per day of water. His experience includes pilot
plant studies, demonstration plant designs, disinfection facilities, process
selection, and plant start-ups.
George P. Fulton, P.E., is
Director of Special Projects at Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. He has nearly 50
years of experience in new designs and upgrading of water treatment facilities
for chemical/industrial applications as well as for drinking water. His
experience also includes plant operations and the development of new and
patented processes.
George C. Budd, Ph.D., P.E.,
an Associate with Hazen and Sawyer, has served in the areas of senior project
manager, quality assurance, process specialist, design engineer, construction
management, and start-ups. His experience includes conventional water treatment
design, as well as technologies applicable to forthcoming regulations.
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